Apr 21, 2024 • 6 min read

Tracing Distributed Systems in Next.js

Chris Esplin

Software Engineer

Distributed Tracing

Distributed tracing is crucial for debugging and improving system performance. Instead of looking at the performance of each service in isolation, distributed tracing links traces across services to show how a request flows through a system. For instance, a trace might start in a React web client, pass through a Next.js API, and continue across subsequent HTTP calls, keeping all activities under one umbrella. This not only simplifies tracking but also provides a clear, consolidated view of how different parts of your application interact.

Distributed tracing flame graph

Approach

In this post, we’ll go over a practical example of how tracing across multiple services work in the context of a modern NextJS application.

Here’s the exact github repo we’ll be pulling the example from:

GitHub: Distributed Tracing Example

We will demonstrate how to use Highlight to connect a NextJS application with an external service by passing HTTP headers in the following steps:

Next Client: The web client initiates an HTTP Fetch request, passing the x-highlight-request header which contains a generated sessionId and requestId.

Next Server: A Next.js API function receives that request, associates the sessionId and requestId to it's local trace, then passes the x-highlight-request header to a third service, this time written in Golang.

Go Server: The Golang service receives the x-highlight-request header and associates it to the local trace.

Instrumenting the Next.js web client

Client-side integration is as easy as injecting <HighlightInit /> into your web app.

Inject <HighlightInit /> once, preferably in a layout.tsx file or _app.tsx file.

<HighlightInit /> accepts props that correspond to the JavaScript SDK's options arguments.

Explore Highlight's wide range of configuration options, including
- Canvas and WebGL support,
- user identification,
- and privacy and redaction.

// app/layout.tsx
import { CONSTANTS } from "../constants";
import { HighlightInit } from "@highlight-run/next/client";

export default function RootLayout({
  children,
}: {
  children: React.ReactNode;
}) {
  return (
    <>
      <HighlightInit
        // excludedHostnames={['localhost']}
        projectId={CONSTANTS.ENV.HIGHLIGHT.PROJECT_ID}
        serviceName="my-nextjs-frontend"
        tracingOrigins
        networkRecording={{
          enabled: true,
          recordHeadersAndBody: true,
        }}
        debug
      />

      <html lang="en">
        <body>{children}</body>
      </html>
    </>
  );
}

Calling the Next.js API function

We'll use the browser's Fetch API to call a Next.js API function. Highlight monkey patches window.fetch and adds the x-highlight-request header automatically, so use Fetch as you normally would.

See the full list of monkey patches in our docs.

 <button
    onClick={async () => {
        await fetch("/propagation-test");       
    }}
>Trigger propagation</button>

Wrapping Next.js API functions

First, create a wrapper function. The Next.js SDK wrapper functions capture incoming headers and wrap the handler in a custom span named highlight-run-with-headers.

In this case, we're using the App Router, so we'll follow the Next.js App Router Guide.

// utils/app-router-highlight.config.ts:
import { AppRouterHighlight } from "@highlight-run/next/server";
import { CONSTANTS } from "../../constants";

export const withAppRouterHighlight = AppRouterHighlight({
  projectID: CONSTANTS.ENV.HIGHLIGHT.PROJECT_ID,
});

Next, we wrap our GET handler function. Note that we wrap our handler function with withAppRouterHighlight, and we forward request.headers along with the next HTTP request.

The x-highlight-request header is only header that matters in this example.

// app/propagation-test/route.ts
import { NextRequest } from "next/server";
import { withAppRouterHighlight } from "../_utils/app-router-highlight.config";

export const GET = withAppRouterHighlight(async (request: NextRequest) => {
  console.info("Here: app/propagation-test/route.ts");

  const response = await fetch("http://localhost:3010/test", {
    method: "GET",
    headers: request.headers, // x-highlight-request is the critical header
  });

  const data = await response.text();

  return new Response(data);
});

Configure our Golang service

Highlight supports multiple Go libraries. In this case we're using the Highlight chi SDK.

See a working example of Highlight chi implementation on GitHub.

First, we configure the highlight-go SDK.

import (
  "github.com/highlight/highlight/sdk/highlight-go"
)

func main() {
  // ...
  highlight.SetProjectID("<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>")
  highlight.Start(
	highlight.WithServiceName("my-app"),
	highlight.WithServiceVersion("git-sha"),
  )
  defer highlight.Stop()
  // ...
}

Next we add the Chi middleware.

import (
  highlightChi "github.com/highlight/highlight/sdk/highlight-go/middleware/chi"
)

func main() {
  // ...
  r := chi.NewRouter()
  r.Use(highlightChi.Middleware)
  // ...
}

The highlightChi.Middleware function will automatically associate the current request with the incoming x-highlight-request header.

W3C traceparent example code

We used the x-highlight-request header in this example, but we also tested OpenTelemetry's native JavaScript Propagation example using the W3C traceparent header.

Instead of passing x-highlight-request header, it is possible to pass a traceparent header across HTTP calls. It's a bit involved, but it works great. See the links below for example code:

withPropagation: an example wrapper for Next.js

GET route: Pass request.headers along as before.

Golang example: Associate the incoming traceparent header with a local trace.

Result

All three services, the web client, the Next.js API function, and the Golang backend, now feed their data to the same Highlight project.

For the purposes of example, we can even visualize this data in our product (and open source application monitoring tool), Highlight!

This example shows four separate spans, all of which are nested under a single trace. And of course, these traces are accessible from Highlight's Session Replay tab, because the session was generated in the web client and propagated throughout the entire distributed "call stack".

highlight-run-with-headers is generated by the AppRouterHighlight wrapper function in Next.js.

fetch GET https://localhost:3010/test is generated by the Next.js Fetch request.

highlight.chi is created by Highlight's chi middleware.

go-custom-span is a custom span that we used in our example code for demonstration purposes. It wraps a call to time.Sleep(1 * time.Second) to mimic slow code execution.

Highlight distributed tracing highlight-run-with-headers highlight-run-with-headers

Highlight distributed tracing go-custom-span go-custom-span

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